Home/ Majors directory/Industrial Pharmacy/Physical and Colloid Chemistry
Physical and Colloid Chemistry
Major: Industrial Pharmacy
Code of subject: 7.226.02.O.017
Credits: 6.00
Department: Physical, Analytical and General Chemistry
Lecturer: Associate Professor, Doctor of Science Sobechko Iryna Borysivna
Semester: 2 семестр
Mode of study: денна
Завдання: The study of an educational discipline involves the formation of competencies in students of education:
general competences:
- skills in using information and communication technologies;
- the ability to learn and master modern knowledge;
- the ability to search, process and analyze information from various sources;
- the ability to work both individually and in a team.
professional competences:
- the ability to use basic knowledge of mathematics and physics to the extent necessary for mastering general engineering and professionally oriented disciplines
Learning outcomes: To be able to correctly use the terminology based on the concepts of physical and colloidal chemistry in professional activities
• Be able to calculate thermodynamic properties of substances (enthalpy of formation, heat capacity, entropy, isobaric potential) according to reference data.
• Be able to calculate thermodynamic parameters of a chemical reaction (change in enthalpy, heat capacity, entropy, isobaric potential) under given conditions.
• Predict the direction of the chemical reaction under given conditions, the possible state of equilibrium and the yield of equilibrium products.
• Be able to calculate the thermodynamic parameters of solutions and predict their change when the process conditions change.
• Be able to find the molecular weight of unknown substances by their colligative properties in solution.
• Be able to analyze phase diagrams of two-component systems and use them for processes of distillation, rectification, extraction, etc.
• Be able to apply the thermodynamic method to processes occurring at the interface of phases
• Be able to work with special equipment and measuring equipment, experimentally determine the surface tension of individual substances and solutions using various methods, calculate adsorption isotherms and process them
• Determine the fractional composition of the dispersed system by the method of sedimentation analysis
• Be able to obtain dispersed systems and know how to clean them of impurities
• Be able to apply mathematical equations to describe adsorption processes, determine their constants graphically and analytically, calculate the characteristics of adsorbents
• Be able to build micelles, choose coagulators
• Master the methods of calculating the kinetic parameters of the coagulation process
• Knowledge of modern achievements, innovative technologies in the field of physical and colloidal chemistry
Required prior and related subjects: Previous academic disciplines: higher mathematics (part I), general and inorganic chemistry, organic chemistry
Associated and subsequent educational disciplines: physics, chemical methods of analyzing the composition of substances, pharmacokinetics
Summary of the subject: Chemical thermodynamics: 1st laws of thermodynamics, thermochemistry, 2nd and 3rd laws of thermodynamics, thermodynamic potentials. Chemical equilibrium.
Thermodynamics of solutions. Thermodynamics of phase equilibrium in one-component, two-component and three-component systems.
Kinetics of homogeneous and heterogeneous chemical reactions. Dependence of reaction rate on temperature. Photochemical reactions. Catalysis.
Colloidal state of matter. Classification of dispersed systems and their properties. Surface phenomena, adsorption. Sedimentation and aggregation stability of dispersed systems. Coagulation. Disperse systems in pharmacy and pharmaceutical industries.
Опис: INTRODUCTION. Chemical thermodynamics. Basic concepts of chemical thermodynamics. Energy. Internal energy, warmth, work. The first law of thermodynamics. Heat capacity. Application of the first law of thermodynamics to some processes. Thermochemistry. Hess's law. Theoretical methods of calculating enthalpies of formation of substances. Dependence of the thermal effect of the reaction on temperature.
The second law of thermodynamics. Entropy. Entropy as a criterion for the orientation of processes. Entropy and probability. The third law of thermodynamics. Thermodynamic potentials. Internal energy as a criterion for the orientation of processes. Enthalpy as a criterion for directionality of processes. Isochor-isothermal and isobaric-isothermal potentials.
Chemical equilibrium. Law of active masses. Properties of the equilibrium constant and methods of its expression. Calculation of the composition of the equilibrium mixture. Chemical equilibrium in heterogeneous reactions. Dependence of the equilibrium constant on temperature. Dependence of the equilibrium constant on pressure.
Gibbs phase rule. One-component systems. Clapeyron-Clausius equation and its analysis. State diagrams. Polymorphic transformations.
Thermodynamics of solutions. Basic concepts about solutions. Solubility of substances. Saturated vapor pressure above the solution. Colligative properties of solutions. Osmosis. Features of electrolyte solutions.
Liquid-vapor equilibrium in two-component systems. The composition of the vapor phase above the solution. Konovalov's laws. Steam composition-pressure diagrams. Composition-boiling temperature diagrams. Distillation and rectification
Limited solubility in two-component liquid systems. Limited solubility in ternary liquid systems. Nernst distribution law. Crystal-melt equilibrium in a two-component system. Melting point diagrams. Thermal analysis. Systems with unlimited solubility in solid and liquid state. Systems with total insolubility in the solid state. Systems with limited solubility in the solid state. Systems in which chemical compounds are formed.
The basic law of chemical kinetics. Classification of reactions by molecularity. Classification of reactions by order. Reactions of the first, second, third and zero order. Methods of determining the reaction rate and its order. Dependence of the reaction rate on temperature.
Peculiarities of reactions with a non-thermal nature of activation. Photochemical reactions. Chain reactions. Kinetic features of heterogeneous reactions. Catalysis.
Classification of dispersed systems: by particle size; by the aggregate state of the dispersed phase and dispersion medium; by the nature of the interaction between the dispersed medium and the dispersed phase; by structure; by phase difference. Methods of obtaining dispersed systems. Dispersion methods for obtaining colloidal systems: mechanical dispersion; electrical dispersion; ultrasonic dispersion; peptization Aggregation methods for obtaining colloidal systems: solvent replacement; steam condensation; crystallization of the solution; chemical method. Cleaning of dispersed systems: dialysis; electrodialysis; ultrafiltration; reverse osmosis
Physical, colligative, optical and molecular-kinetic properties of dispersed systems. Sedimentation stability of dispersed systems. Sedimentation analysis.
Surface phenomena. Adsorption on the surface of an aqueous solution-air. Wetting Adhesion and cohesion.
Adsorption of gases on a solid surface. Langmuir theory of monomolecular adsorption. The theory of polymolecular theory of adsorption Polyani and BET
Adsorption at the solid-liquid interface. Molecular, ion and ion exchange adsorption. Electrical properties and phenomena of dispersed systems. Micelle structure.
Coagulation and stabilization of dispersed systems. Theory of stability and coagulation of dispersed systems of DLFO (Deryagin-Landau-Ferway-Overbeck). Coagulation kinetics. Colloidal protection of the emulsion
Assessment methods and criteria: The main methods of knowledge diagnosis are: current (PC) and semester control (SC), which is carried out from educational material, the scope of which is determined by the work program of the discipline for the semester.
Current control is carried out during lectures and laboratory classes in order to check the level of assimilation of theoretical and practical knowledge and skills of the student. PC is conducted in the form of: written express control (individual tasks) and defense of laboratory work.
Semester control is conducted in the form of an exam (EC). The exam is a form of SC of the results of the student's studies in the academic discipline for the semester
Критерії оцінювання результатів навчання: Current control: performance and protection of laboratory work (40 points).
Examination control: written component (55 points) and oral component (5 points)
Порядок та критерії виставляння балів та оцінок: - 100–88 points – (“excellent”) is awarded for a high level of knowledge (some inaccuracies are allowed) of the educational material of the component contained in the primary and additional recommended literary sources, the ability to analyze the phenomena being studied in their interrelationship and development, clearly, succinctly, logically, consistently answer the questions, the ability to apply theoretical provisions when solving practical problems;
- 87–71 points – (“good”) is awarded for a generally correct understanding of the educational material of the component, including calculations and reasoned answers to the questions posed, which, however, contain certain (insignificant) shortcomings, for the ability to apply theoretical provisions during solving practical tasks;
- 70 – 50 points – (“satisfactory”) are awarded for weak knowledge of the component’s educational material, inaccurate or poorly reasoned answers, a violation of the sequence of presentation, or weak application of theoretical provisions while solving practical problems;
- 49-26 points - ("not certified" with the possibility of retaking the semester control) are awarded for ignorance of a significant part of the educational material of the component, significant errors in answering questions, inability to apply theoretical provisions when solving practical problems;
- 25-00 points - ("unsatisfactory" with mandatory re-study) are awarded for ignorance of a significant part of the educational material of the component, significant errors in answering questions, inability to navigate when solving practical problems, and ignorance of the main fundamental provisions.
Recommended books: 1. Білий О.В. Фізична хімія. – Київ: ЦУГ, 2002. – 364 с
2. Гомонай В.І. Фізична та колоїдна хімія: Підручник. – Ужгород: ВАТ «Патент», 2006. – 496 с
3. Мороз А.С., Ковальова А.Г. Фізична та колоїдна хімія - Львів: “Світ”, 1994. – 247 с.
4. Раєвський Ю.А., Ван-Чин-Сян Ю.А., Дібрівний В.М. Фізична хімія, частина 1. Навч. Посібник. – Львів: Видавництво НУ «Львівська політехніка», 2010, 120 с.
5. Раєвський Ю.А., Ван-Чин-Сян Ю.А., Дібрівний В.М., Мельник Г.В.Фізична хімія, частина 2. Навч. Посібник. – Львів: Видавництво НУ «Львівська політехніка», 2010. 135 с.
6. Яцимирський В.К. Фізична хімія. – К.; Ірпінь: ВТФ «Перун», 2007. – 512 с.
7. Сергеєв В.В., Герасимчук С.І., Собечко І.Б., Дібрівний В.М., Мельник Г.В. Термодинамічні властивості речовин: методичні вказівки для самостійної роботи студентів спеціальності 161 "Хімічна технологія та інженерія". Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2019. – 68 с.
Інформаційні ресурси
1. http://www.nbuv.gov.ua/ ? Національна бібліотека України ім.В.І. Вернадського.
2. http://www.nplu.kiev.ua/ ? Національна парламентська бібліотека України.
3. https://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry/
4. https://vns.lpnu.ua/enrol/index.php?id=12384 – Віртуальне навчальне середовище Національного університету «Львівська політехніка»
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