Architectural and Spatial Organization of Burial Places in a Big City System
Students Name: Rud Olena Volodymyrivna
Qualification Level: master (ESP)
Speciality: Architecture and Town Planning
Institute: Institute of Architecture and Design
Mode of Study: full
Academic Year: 2020-2021 н.р.
Language of Defence: ukrainian
Abstract: Rud O.V. Architectural and Spatial Organization of Burial Places in a Big City System - 118 p. Qualification work for a master’s degree in 191 Architecture and Urban Planning. - National University "Lviv Polytechnic" of the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine. Lviv, 2021. The purpose of the work is to identify the features and justification of the architectural organization of new types of burials. The relevance of the research topic is substantiated in the work, the scientific novelty, the practical significance of the obtained results are highlighted. The categorical-conceptual apparatus and the main objects of research - modern cemeteries and burial complexes are determined. The scientific and theoretical substantiation of the formation of the main objects of research is considered, the connection of the main research topic with other sciences is analyzed, important scientific works from different spheres related to the organization of burial architecture are reviewed. The mutual influence of burials and cemetery complexes on archeology and history, psychology, ecology, jurisprudence and religious studies is analyzed. The historical preconditions for the formation of the main objects of funerary architecture from the pre-dynastic period (IV millennium BC) to the present are determined. Based on the factors of modern organization of burials, the priority of crematoria is substantiated. The social factor was studied through the method of survey, the analysis of the answers indicates the need for changes in the funeral field. The ecological factor is analyzed by studying and comparing the effects on the ecology of inhumation and burial after cremation. As a result, it has been found that traditional disposal has a much greater detrimental effect on the environment than the disposal of cremated remains. The study of the economic factor shows the advantage of cremation, as the transition to this type of burial will reduce not only the cost of people who need to organize burials, but also on a larger scale - building a crematorium is twice cheaper than the cost of a new cemetery for traditional burial. The analysis of the religious factor showed that in Ukraine the cremation processes are acceptable for the religions that are widespread in the country. The study of the technological factor showed that there are many alternatives for burial in the world, better than inhumation, but given the laws of Ukraine and the technological capabilities of the country today, it was concluded that cremation is the most acceptable alternative. The urban planning factor indicates that the transition from inhumation to cremation will have a positive impact on urban planning, reduce the uneconomical use of land resources, change the structure and planning of burial complexes. The main objects of burial complexes that ensure their full functioning have been identified. Three exemplary burial complexes with different contents were considered, which include crematoria: F?lleskrematoriet, Denmark; Hofheide, Belgium; Zorgvlied Begraafplaats, Hotel Netherlands. The dependence of the composition of burial complex objects on the functions it performs is analyzed. The basic conditions of location of crematorium complexes in the city environment are investigated. Modern tendencies of architecture of crematorium complexes are determined, through the analysis of a number of crematoria built for the last ten years. Trends are divided into three categories: general, object architecture, design features. The technological scheme of crematoria work is studied and the scheme on which the functional-planning organization of the whole complex is based is revealed - the movement of streams: the flow of the coffin and the flow of visitors. The peculiarities of the flow and functional content of the object are determined. Typical schemes of monofunctional and multifunctional crematoria have been created. Based on the analysis of a number of existing facilities, the main aspects of the functional-planning solution of crematoria are determined, the features of the internal space, the composition of the crematorium premises are analyzed. The characteristics of the premises in which cremation processes are performed and the premises for the functioning of ceremonial processes, as well as the functions of nutrition are determined. A conceptual model of the crematorium complex focused on the population of Lviv and the main characteristics of the model architecture have been developed. The functional content of the projected object is determined - a combination of cremation and ceremony. The urban environment is analyzed and the site is selected for design. The idea of architectural and artistic solution, planning content and volume of the object is formed. The most relevant characteristics have been selected and recommendations for the design of the object have been formed. A variant of the crematorium complex at Holoskivsky Cemetery in Lviv has been designed, which includes ceremonial halls for 100 and 40 people, a crematorium with 6 cremation furnaces and will provide the city with 12,250 new burial places. Key words: farewell architecture, burial, inhumation, cremation, crematorium.